One of the fundamental purposes of biotherapeutic research, development, and production is to assure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products in clinical settings. Analytical tools are critical ...

A research team has demonstrated that an iron-based amorphous alloy, widely used as a soft magnetic material in transformers and motors, can be transformed into a 'transverse' thermoelectric ...

From RNA interference (RNAi) to CRISPR, there are several methods that researchers can use to manipulate gene function, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Orthogonal validation – the ...

Simply put, orthogonal validation uses additional methods that provide very different selectivity to the primary method to confirm or refute a finding. All methods are independent approaches that can ...

There is evidence that the orthogonal grid plan, which is one of the most common types of urban planning today, dates back to antiquity. Streets intersect at right angles to each other, resulting in a ...

The central dogma processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation are responsible for the maintenance and expression of every gene in an organism. An orthogonal central dogma may insulate ...

Modifications made during metabolic engineering for overproduction of chemicals have network-wide effects on cellular function due to ubiquitous metabolic interactions. These interactions, that make ...

In mathematical circles, the word ‘orthogonal’ is used to define relations or objects that are non-overlapping, uncorrelated or independent. This definition is highly relevant when referring to ...

Orthogonality is a concept often used to describe modular and maintainable software, but it’s more easily understood by way of a case study. In this article, Jens Dietrich demystifies orthogonality ...