Operant learning is a process by which a specific behavioural response (such as a lever press) is associated with a biologically salient stimulus known as a reinforcer (such as food). Bruijns et al.

Abstract: Nowadays, memcapacitor-based associative memory neural networks are focusing on classical conditioning roles and ignoring operant conditioning roles. In this article, a biomimetic model of ...

Abstract: Operant conditioning (OC) and secondary conditioning are two important mechanisms for organisms to adapt to external environments. However, most memristor-based neural network circuits only ...

First-order derivatives: n additional function calls are needed. Second-order derivatives based on gradient calls, when the "grd" module is specified (Dennis and Schnabel 1983): n additional gradient ...