During femtosecond laser fabrication, photons are mainly absorbed by electrons, and the subsequent energy transfer from electrons to ions is of picosecond order. Hence, lattice motion is negligible ...

After 10 days with only the open ocean and the occasional iceberg at our sides, sailing into the sea ice felt like crossing into a whole new realm. By Raymond Zhong Most of the reserves in the country ...

First-order derivatives: n additional function calls are needed. Second-order derivatives based on gradient calls, when the "grd" module is specified (Dennis and Schnabel 1983): n additional gradient ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Abstract: Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.