Scientists have uncovered a way to manipulate the pathway in monkey brains that puts the brakes on motivation.

Controlling light is an important technological challenge—not just at the large scale of optics in microscopes and telescopes ...

Abstract: Stochastic processes (SPs) are widely used in many real-world fields, especially AI algorithms and models. A discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) is a fundamental SP where the probability of ...