The subjective theory of value defines how an object's worth fluctuates according to personal views and context. Understand ...

Abstract: This paper investigates the performance of item response theory based on distance criteria rather than likelihood criteria. For this purpose, the estimated item response matrix is introduced ...

Capturing the first image of a supermassive black hole using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). This image of the black hole at the center of the nearby galaxy M87 reveals how gravitation affects the ...

Abstract: Machine learning has been integrated into numerous applications and has emerged as one of the most transformative technologies in our daily lives. In recent years, the number of individuals ...