Calculus of variations establishes a framework to determine the extrema of functionals—mappings from functions to real numbers—which has been pivotal in elucidating natural principles such as the ...

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Understanding cause-effect relationships between variables is of primary interest in many fields of science. The standard method for determining such relationships uses randomized controlled ...

Inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. The conclusion drawn is also called an idiomatic. The laws of valid inference are studied in ...

Abstract: The billion-scale Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitate deployment on expensive server-grade GPUs with large-storage HBMs and abundant computation capability. As LLM-assisted services ...