Abstract: In a paper by Willems et al., it was shown that persistently exciting data can be used to represent the input-output behavior of a linear system. Based on this fundamental result, we derive ...

December 29, 2025 / Markets have a habit of ignoring infrastructure until it becomes unavoidable. That pattern is repeating ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Discover how narrow-based weighted average protects investors from dilution when new shares are issued, focusing on preferred shares and key exceptions.

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The expression of dilution titres for serological reactions frequently requires the use of large numbers. In cases where the antibody content of an immune serum is high, the conventional means of ...