Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are typically produced through crystallization. In this process, an organic molecule can take on multiple crystalline forms. Solid-state characteristics, ...

Raman spectroscopy is a highly sensitive approach for evaluating the electrical, phonon and optical characteristics of sp 2 carbon materials. Raman spectroscopy's nondestructive nature, along with ...

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) is a popular whitening additive, used in countless white colored commercial products such as paper, plastics, toothpaste, fabrics, and paint. When it is prepared as a powder ...